Engineering Calculators

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〉Milling Speed and Feed

Determine the spindle speed (RPM) and feed rate (IPM) for a milling operation, as well as the cut time for a given cut length. Milling operations remove material by feeding a workpiece into a rotating cutting tool with sharp teeth, such as an end mill or face mill. Calculations use the desired tool diameter, number of teeth, cutting speed, and cutting feed, which should be chosen based on the specific cutting conditions, including the workpiece material and tool material.

〉Milling Horsepower
Calculate the horsepower required for a milling operation based on the feed rate and depth of cut, which are used to determine the material removal rate (or metal removal rate). Also required is the unit power, which is a material property describing the amount of power required to cut that material. The horsepower at both the spindle and the motor are shown, as well as the spindle torque for a given spindle speed (RPM). The motor horsepower required for the milling operation can then be compared to the horsepower capability of the machine.

〉Milling Step-Over Distance
In many milling operations, the cutting tool must step over and make several adjacent cuts to complete machining a feature. As a result, a small cusp of material, called a scallop, will remain between these cuts on any surrounding walls or on the machined surface if a ball end mill is used. The size of the step-over distance and the tool diameter will determine the scallop height between each step. Decreasing the step-over distance will minimize the scallop height, but will require more steps, and therefore more time, to machine the feature.

〉Drilling Speed and Feed
Determine the spindle speed (RPM) and feed rate (IPM) for a drilling operation, as well as the cut time for a given cut length. Drilling operations are those in which a cutting tool with sharp teeth, such as a twist drill, rotates and feeds into the workpiece axially, forming a hole with a diameter equal to that of the tool. Calculations use the desired tool diameter, cutting speed, and cutting feed, which should be chosen based on the specific cutting conditions, including the workpiece material and tool material.

〉Drilling Horsepower
Calculate the horsepower required for a drilling operation based on the feed rate and tool diameter, which are used to determine the material removal rate (or metal removal rate). Also required is the unit power, which is a material property describing the amount of power required to cut that material. The horsepower at both the spindle and the motor are shown, as well as the spindle torque for a given spindle speed (RPM). The motor horsepower required for the drilling operation can then be compared to the horsepower capability of the machine.

〉Turning Speed and Feed
Determine the spindle speed (RPM) and feed rate (IPM) for a turning operation, as well as the cut time for a given cut length. Turning operations remove material from a rotating workpiece by feeding a single-point cutting tool axially, along the side of the workpiece. Calculations use the desired cut diameter, cutting speed, and cutting feed, which should be chosen based on the specific cutting conditions, including the workpiece material and tool material. In some turning operations, the diameter of the workpiece will change so the spindle speed and cutting speed (SFM) must change as well. Typically, values are calculated for a single cut diameter and then either the spindle speed or cutting speed is held constant while the other varies.

〉Turning Horsepower
Calculate the horsepower required for a turning operation based on the feed rate, depth of cut, and cut diameter, which will determine the material removal rate (or metal removal rate). Also required is the unit power, which is a material property describing the amount of power required to cut that material. The horsepower at both the spindle and the motor are shown, as well as the spindle torque for a given spindle speed (RPM). The motor horsepower required for the turning operation can then be compared to the horsepower capability of the machine.

〉Turning Surface Roughness
Calculate the surface roughness for a turning operation based on the tool nose radius and the cutting feed (IPR). Single-point cutting tools used for finishing operations have a rounded front corner, or “nose”, which forms small peaks and valleys in the material as the tool feeds along the rotating workpiece. The height of these surface variations define the surface roughness, which can be measured as an arithmetic average (Ra) or an RMS value.

Drill Size Chart

Drill size Diameter (in) Diameter (mm)
#1070.00190.0483
0.05 mm0.00200.0500
#1060.00230.0584
#1050.00270.0686
#1040.00310.0787
#1030.00350.0889
#1020.00390.0991
0.1 mm0.00390.1000
#1010.00430.1092
#1000.00470.1194
#990.00510.1295
#980.00550.1397
#970.00590.1499
#960.00630.1600
#950.00670.1702
#940.00710.1803
#930.00750.1905
0.2 mm0.00790.2000
#920.00790.2007
#910.00830.2108
#900.00870.2210
#890.00910.2311
#880.00950.2413
#870.01000.2540
#860.01050.2667
#850.01100.2794
#840.01150.2921
0.3 mm0.01180.3000
#830.01200.3048
#820.01250.3175
#810.01300.3302
#800.01350.3429
#790.01450.3680
1/64 in0.01560.3969
0.4 mm0.01580.4000
#780.01600.4064
#770.01800.4572
0.5 mm0.01970.5000
#760.02000.5080
#750.02100.5334
#740.02250.5715
0.6 mm0.02360.6000
#730.02400.6096
#720.02500.6350
#710.02600.6604
0.7 mm0.02760.7000
#700.02800.7112
#690.02920.7417
#680.03100.7874
1/32 in0.03130.7938
0.8 mm0.03150.8000
#670.03200.8128
#660.03300.8382
#650.03500.8890
0.9 mm0.03540.9000
#640.03600.9144
#630.03700.9398
#620.03800.9652
#610.03900.9906
1 mm0.03941.0000
#600.04001.0160
#590.04101.0414
#580.04201.0668
#570.04301.0922
1.1 mm0.04331.1000
#560.04651.1811
3/64 in0.04691.1906
1.2 mm0.04721.2000
1.3 mm0.05121.3000
#550.05201.3208
#540.05501.3970
1.4 mm0.05511.4000
1.5 mm0.05911.5000
#530.05951.5113
1/16 in0.06251.5875
1.6 mm0.06301.6000
#520.06351.6129
1.7 mm0.06691.7000
#510.06701.7018
#500.07001.7780
1.8 mm0.07091.8000
#490.07301.8542
1.9 mm0.07481.9000
#480.07601.9304
5/64 in0.07811.9844
#470.07851.9939
2 mm0.07872.0000
#460.08102.0574
#450.08202.0828
2.1 mm0.08272.1000
#440.08602.1844
2.2 mm0.08662.2000
#430.08902.2606
2.3 mm0.09062.3000
#420.09352.3749
3/32 in0.09382.3813
2.4 mm0.09452.4000
#410.09602.4384
#400.09802.4892
2.5 mm0.09842.5000
#390.09952.5273
#380.10152.5781
2.6 mm0.10242.6000
#370.10402.6416
2.7 mm0.10632.7000
#360.10652.7051
7/64 in0.10942.7781
#350.11002.7940
2.8 mm0.11022.8000
#340.11102.8194
#330.11302.8702
2.9 mm0.11422.9000
#320.11602.9464
3 mm0.11813.0000
#310.12003.0480
3.1 mm0.12213.1000
1/8 in0.12503.1750
3.2 mm0.12603.2000
#300.12853.2639
3.3 mm0.12993.3000
3.4 mm0.13393.4000
#290.13603.4544
3.5 mm0.13783.5000
#280.14053.5687
9/64 in0.14063.5719
3.6 mm0.14173.6000
#270.14403.6576
3.7 mm0.14573.7000
#260.14703.7338
#250.14953.7973
3.8 mm0.14963.8000
#240.15203.8608
3.9 mm0.15353.9000
#230.15403.9116
5/32 in0.15633.9688
#220.15703.9878
4 mm0.15754.0000
#210.15904.0386
#200.16104.0894
4.1 mm0.16144.1000
4.2 mm0.16544.2000
#190.16604.2164
4.3 mm0.16934.3000
#180.16954.3053
11/64 in0.17194.3656
#170.17304.3942
4.4 mm0.17324.4000
#160.17704.4958
4.5 mm0.17724.5000
#150.18004.5720
4.6 mm0.18114.6000
#140.18204.6228
#130.18504.6990
4.7 mm0.18504.7000
3/16 in0.18754.7625
4.8 mm0.18904.8000
#120.18904.8006
#110.19104.8514
4.9 mm0.19294.9000
#100.19354.9149
#90.19604.9784
5 mm0.19695.0000
#80.19905.0546
5.1 mm0.20085.1000
#70.20105.1054
13/64 in0.20315.1594
#60.20405.1816
5.2 mm0.20475.2000
#50.20555.2197
5.3 mm0.20875.3000
#40.20905.3086
5.4 mm0.21265.4000
#30.21305.4102
5.5 mm0.21655.5000
7/32 in0.21885.5563
5.6 mm0.22055.6000
#20.22105.6134
5.7 mm0.22445.7000
#10.22805.7912
5.8 mm0.22845.8000
5.9 mm0.23235.9000
A0.23405.9436
15/64 in0.23445.9531
6 mm0.23626.0000
B0.23806.0452
6.1 mm0.24026.1000
C0.24206.1468
6.2 mm0.24416.2000
D0.24606.2484
6.3 mm0.24806.3000
1/4 in0.25006.3500
E0.25006.3500
6.4 mm0.25206.4000
6.5 mm0.25596.5000
F0.25706.5278
6.6 mm0.25986.6000
G0.26106.6294
6.7 mm0.26386.7000
17/64 in0.26566.7469
H0.26606.7564
6.8 mm0.26776.8000
6.9 mm0.27176.9000
I0.27206.9088
7 mm0.27567.0000
J0.27707.0358
7.1 mm0.27957.1000
K0.28107.1374
9/32 in0.28137.1438
7.2 mm0.28357.2000
7.3 mm0.28747.3000
L0.29007.3660
7.4 mm0.29137.4000
M0.29507.4930
7.5 mm0.29537.5000
19/64 in0.29697.5406
7.6 mm0.29927.6000
N0.30207.6708
7.7 mm0.30327.7000
7.8 mm0.30717.8000
7.9 mm0.31107.9000
5/16 in0.31257.9375
8 mm0.31508.0000
O0.31608.0264
8.1 mm0.31898.1000
8.2 mm0.32288.2000
P0.32308.2042
8.3 mm0.32688.3000
21/64 in0.32818.3344
8.4 mm0.33078.4000
Q0.33208.4328
8.5 mm0.33478.5000
8.6 mm0.33868.6000
R0.33908.6106
8.7 mm0.34258.7000
11/32 in0.34388.7313
8.8 mm0.34658.8000
S0.34808.8392
8.9 mm0.35048.9000
9 mm0.35439.0000
T0.35809.0932
9.1 mm0.35839.1000
23/64 in0.35949.1281
9.2 mm0.36229.2000
9.3 mm0.36619.3000
U0.36809.3472
9.4 mm0.37019.4000
9.5 mm0.37409.5000
3/8 in0.37509.5250
V0.37709.5758
9.6 mm0.37809.6000
9.7 mm0.38199.7000
9.8 mm0.38589.8000
W0.38609.8044
9.9 mm0.38989.9000
25/64 in0.39069.9219
10 mm0.393710.0000
X0.397010.0838
Y0.404010.2616
13/32 in0.406310.3188
Z0.413010.4902
10.5 mm0.413410.5000
27/64 in0.421910.7156
11 mm0.433111.0000
7/16 in0.437511.1125
11.5 mm0.452811.5000
29/64 in0.453111.5094
15/32 in0.468811.9063
12 mm0.472412.0000
31/64 in0.484412.3031
12.5 mm0.492112.5000
1/2 in0.500012.7000
13 mm0.511813.0000
33/64 in0.515613.0969
17/32 in0.531313.4938
13.5 mm0.531513.5000
35/64 in0.546913.8906
14 mm0.551214.0000
9/16 in0.562514.2875
14.5 mm0.570914.5000
37/64 in0.578114.6844
15 mm0.590615.0000
19/32 in0.593815.0813
39/64 in0.609415.4781
15.5 mm0.610215.5000
5/8 in0.625015.8750
16 mm0.629916.0000
41/64 in0.640616.2719
16.5 mm0.649616.5000
17 mm0.669317.0000
43/64 in0.671917.0656
11/16 in0.687517.4625
17.5 mm0.689017.5000
45/64 in0.703117.8594
18 mm0.708718.0000
23/32 in0.718818.2563
18.5 mm0.728418.5000
47/64 in0.734418.6531
19 mm0.748019.0000
3/4 in0.750019.0500
49/64 in0.765619.4469
19.5 mm0.767719.5000
25/32 in0.781319.8438
20 mm0.787420.0000
51/64 in0.796920.2406
20.5 mm0.807120.5000
13/16 in0.812520.6375
21 mm0.826821.0000
53/64 in0.828121.0344
27/32 in0.843821.4313
21.5 mm0.846521.5000
55/64 in0.859421.8281
22 mm0.866122.0000
7/8 in0.875022.2250
22.5 mm0.885822.5000
57/64 in0.890622.6219
23 mm0.905523.0000
29/32 in0.906323.0188
21/23 in0.913023.1913
59/64 in0.921923.4156
23.5 mm0.925223.5000
15/16 in0.937523.8125
24 mm0.944924.0000
61/64 in0.953124.2094
24.5 mm0.964624.5000
31/32 in0.968824.6063
25 mm0.984325.0000
63/64 in0.984425.0031
1 in1.000025.4000
25.5 mm1.003925.5000
1 1/64 in1.015625.7969
26 mm1.023626.0000
1 1/32 in1.031326.1938
26.5 mm1.043326.5000
1 3/64 in1.046926.5906
1 1/16 in1.062526.9875
27 mm1.063027.0000
1 5/64 in1.078127.3844
27.5 mm1.082727.5000
1 3/32 in1.093827.7813
28 mm1.102428.0000
1 7/64 in1.109428.1781
28.5 mm1.122128.5000
1 1/8 in1.125028.5750
1 9/64 in1.140628.9719
29 mm1.141729.0000
1 5/32 in1.156329.3688
29.5 mm1.161429.5000
1 11/64 in1.171929.7656
30 mm1.181130.0000
1 3/16 in1.187530.1625
30.5 mm1.200830.5000
1 13/64 in1.203130.5594
1 7/32 in1.218830.9563
31 mm1.220531.0000
1 15/64 in1.234431.3531
31.5 mm1.240231.5000
1 1/4 in1.250031.7500
32 mm1.259832.0000
1 17/64 in1.265632.1469
32.5 mm1.279532.5000
1 9/32 in1.281332.5438
1 19/64 in1.296932.9406
33 mm1.299233.0000
1 5/16 in1.312533.3375
33.5 mm1.318933.5000
1 21/64 in1.328133.7344
34 mm1.338634.0000
1 11/32 in1.343834.1313
34.5 mm1.358334.5000
1 23/64 in1.359434.5281
1 3/8 in1.375034.9250
35 mm1.378035.0000
1 25/64 in1.390635.3219
35.5 mm1.397635.5000
1 13/32 in1.406335.7188
36 mm1.417336.0000
1 27/64 in1.421936.1156
36.5 mm1.437036.5000
1 7/16 in1.437536.5125
1 29/64 in1.453136.9094
37 mm1.456737.0000
1 15/32 in1.468837.3063
37.5 mm1.476437.5000
1 31/64 in1.484437.7031
38 mm1.496138.0000
1 1/2 in1.500038.1000

Tap Size Chart

Tap size Diameter (in) Diameter (mm) Thread count (TPI) Thread pitch (mm) Tap drill size
Tap SizeDiameter (in)Diameter (mm)Thread Count0.1591/64 in
#0000-1600.02100.53341600.1591/64 in
#000-1200.03400.86361200.212#71
M1x0.20.03941.0000~1270.2000.8 mm
M1x0.250.03941.0000~1020.2500.75 mm
M1.1x0.250.04331.1000~1020.2500.85 mm
M1.1x0.20.04331.1000~1270.2000.9 mm
#00-900.04701.1938900.282#65
M1.2x0.20.04721.2000~1270.2001 mm
M1.2x0.250.04721.2000~1020.2500.95 mm
M1.4x0.20.05511.4000~1270.2001.2 mm
M1.4x0.30.05511.4000~850.3001.1 mm
#0-800.06001.5240800.3183/64 in
M1.6x0.20.06301.6000~1270.2001.4 mm
M1.6x0.350.06301.6000~730.3501.25 mm
M1.8x0.20.07091.8000~1270.2001.6 mm
M1.8x0.350.07091.8000~730.3501.45 mm
#1-640.07301.8542640.397#52
#1-720.07301.8542720.353#53
M2x0.250.07872.0000~1020.2501.75 mm
M2x0.40.07872.0000~640.4001.6 mm
#2-560.08602.1844560.454#50
#2-640.08602.1844640.397#50
M2.2x0.250.08662.2000~1020.2501.95 mm
M2.2x0.450.08662.2000~570.4501.75 mm
M2.5x0.350.09842.5000~730.3502.1 mm
M2.5x0.450.09842.5000~570.4502.05 mm
#3-480.09902.5146480.529#47
#3-560.09902.5146560.454#45
#4-400.11202.8448400.635#43
#4-480.11202.8448480.529#42
M3x0.350.11813.0000~730.3502.6 mm
M3x0.50.11813.0000~510.5002.5 mm
#5-400.12503.1750400.635#39
#5-440.12503.1750440.577#37
M3.5x0.350.13783.5000~730.3503.1 mm
M3.5x0.60.13783.5000~430.6002.9 mm
#6-320.13803.5052320.794#36
#6-400.13803.5052400.635#33
M4x0.350.15754.0000~730.3503.6 mm
M4x0.50.15754.0000~510.5003.5 mm
M4x0.70.15754.0000~370.7003.3 mm
#8-320.16404.1656320.794#29
#8-360.16404.1656360.706#29
M4.5x0.50.17724.5000~510.5004 mm
M4.5x0.750.17724.5000~340.7503.8 mm
#10-320.19004.8260320.794#21
#10-240.19004.8260241.058#25
M5x0.50.19695.0000~510.5004.5 mm
M5x0.80.19695.0000~320.8004.2 mm
#12-240.21605.4864241.058#17
#12-280.21605.4864280.907#15
M5.5x0.50.21655.5000~510.5005 mm
M6x0.50.23626.0000~510.5005.5 mm
M6x0.750.23626.0000~340.7505.2 mm
M6x10.23626.0000~261.0005 mm
1/4-200.25006.3500201.270#7
1/4-280.25006.3500280.907#3
M7x0.750.27567.0000~340.7506.2 mm
M7x10.27567.0000~261.0006 mm
5/16-180.31257.9375181.411F
5/16-240.31257.9375241.058I
M8x0.50.31508.0000~510.5007.5 mm
M8x0.750.31508.0000~340.7507.2 mm
M8x10.31508.0000~261.0007 mm
M8x1.250.31508.0000~211.2506.8 mm
M9x0.750.35439.0000~340.7508.2 mm
M9x10.35439.0000~261.0008 mm
M9x1.250.35439.0000~211.2507.8 mm
3/8-240.37509.5250241.058Q
3/8-160.37509.5250161.5885/16 in
M10x0.750.393710.0000~340.7509.2 mm
M10x1.50.393710.0000~171.5008.5 mm
M10x1.250.393710.0000~211.2508.8 mm
M10x10.393710.0000~261.0009 mm
M11x0.750.433111.0000~340.75010.2 mm
M11x10.433111.0000~261.00010 mm
M11x1.50.433111.0000~171.5009.5 mm
7/16-140.437511.1125141.814U
7/16-200.437511.1125201.27025/64 in
M12x1.50.472412.0000~171.50010.5 mm
M12x1.750.472412.0000~151.75010.2 mm
M12x0.750.472412.0000~340.75011.25 mm
M12x10.472412.0000~261.00011 mm
M12x1.250.472412.0000~211.25010.8 mm
1/2-200.500012.7000201.27029/64 in
1/2-130.500012.7000131.95427/64 in
M14x1.50.551214.0000~171.50012.5 mm
M14x1.250.551214.0000~211.25012.8 mm
M14x10.551214.0000~261.00013 mm
M14x20.551214.0000~132.00012 mm
9/16-180.562514.2875181.41133/64 in
9/16-120.562514.2875122.11731/64 in
M15x10.590615.0000~261.00014 mm
M15x1.50.590615.0000~171.50013.5 mm
5/8-180.625015.8750181.41137/64 in
5/8-110.625015.8750112.30917/32 in
M16x20.629916.0000~132.00014 mm
M16x1.50.629916.0000~171.50014.5 mm
M16x10.629916.0000~261.00015 mm
M17x10.669317.0000~261.00016 mm
M17x1.50.669317.0000~171.50015.5 mm
M18x2.50.708718.0000~112.50015.5 mm
M18x10.708718.0000~261.00017 mm
M18x1.50.708718.0000~171.50016.5 mm
M18x20.708718.0000~132.00016 mm
3/4-160.750019.0500161.58811/16 in
3/4-100.750019.0500102.54021/32 in
M20x20.787420.0000~132.00018 mm
M20x1.50.787420.0000~171.50018.5 mm
M20x10.787420.0000~261.00019 mm
M20x2.50.787420.0000~112.50017.5 mm
M22x20.866122.0000~132.00020 mm
M22x1.50.866122.0000~171.50020.5 mm
M22x10.866122.0000~261.00021 mm
M22x2.50.866122.0000~112.50019.5 mm
7/8-90.875022.225092.82249/64 in
7/8-140.875022.2250141.81413/16 in
M24x30.944924.0000~93.00021 mm
M24x10.944924.0000~261.00023 mm
M24x1.50.944924.0000~171.50022.5 mm
M24x20.944924.0000~132.00022 mm
M25x20.984325.0000~132.00023 mm
M25x10.984325.0000~261.00024 mm
M25x1.50.984325.0000~171.50023.5 mm
1-141.000025.4000141.81415/16 in
1-81.000025.400083.1757/8 in
M26x1.51.023626.0000~171.50024.5 mm
M27x1.51.063027.0000~171.50025.5 mm
M27x31.063027.0000~93.00024 mm
M27x11.063027.0000~261.00026 mm
M27x21.063027.0000~132.00025 mm
M28x21.102428.0000~132.00026 mm
M28x11.102428.0000~261.00027 mm
M28x1.51.102428.0000~171.50026.5 mm
1 1/8-121.125028.5750122.1171 3/64 in
1 1/8-71.125028.575073.62963/64 in
M30x1.51.181130.0000~171.50028.5 mm
M30x3.51.181130.0000~83.50026.5 mm
M30x21.181130.0000~132.00028 mm
1 1/4-121.250031.7500122.1171 11/64 in
1 1/4-71.250031.750073.6291 7/64 in
M33x21.299233.0000~132.00031 mm
M33x3.51.299233.0000~83.50029.5 mm
M36x31.417336.0000~93.00033 mm
M36x41.417336.0000~74.00032 mm
1 1/2 -121.500038.1000122.1171 27/64 in
1 1/2-61.500038.100064.2331 11/32 in
M39x41.535439.0000~74.00035 mm
M39x31.535439.0000~93.00036 mm
M42x4.51.653542.0000~64.50037.5 mm
1 3/4-121.750044.4500122.1171 43/64 in
1 3/4-51.750044.450055.0801 35/64 in
M45x4.51.771745.0000~64.50040.5 mm
M48x51.889848.0000~65.00043 mm
2-122.000050.8000122.1171 59/64 in
2-4 1/22.000050.80004.55.6441 25/32 in
M52x52.047252.0000~65.00047 mm
M56x5.52.204756.0000~55.50050.5 mm
M60x5.52.362260.0000~55.50054.5 mm
M64x62.519764.0000~56.00058 mm
M68x62.677268.0000~56.00062 mm